5-Step Program to Improve Your Communication Skills

5-Step Program to Improve Your Communication Skills With the development of technology lots of people find it more simple to get anything they want from the web, avoiding face-to-face contact. Nevertheless, communication skills are still essential: not only will they help you be successful in your studies and at the workplace, but also they are a powerful instrument, that helps you learn about the world and live a life, full of diverse experiences that come from interacting with different people. Weve come up with a series of steps that will facilitate effective communication with others. Try them out! Be cautious, though: theres a high probability that youll become more talkative, popular person! Identify the Weak Spots Lets face it: if youve ended up searching for â€Å"how to improve your communication skills† you obviously think there is an area for improvement. Dont be too harsh on yourself: saying youre a total mess wont do you any good. Be critical yet constructive. A possible solution here could be to videotape yourself having a conversation: you might do it on your own or ask a friend or a family member for help. Watch it with your confidante and determine all the soft spots: it might be a body language, the tone of voice (too low or too high), the speed of your speech. All in all, make a list, stay positive and remember: youre on the way to success! Learn Your Body Language We send non-verbal signals of the time: your posture, gestures, the way you look at your interlocutor say a lot about how you feel. There is a simple recipe, that can help you transmit a far more positive message. Dont slouch, try not to cross your hands and legs, when talking to someone, and, of course, smile! It is also a great idea to maintain a confident tone, without being too loud or too timid and keep an eye contact with your conversation partner. These are just the basics, adjustable for every individual, nevertheless, paying attention to them certainly wont hurt. You should also pay attention to your fellow talkers body language: youll interpret the signs they give you more competently and even be able to change your behavior to achieve the best possible outcome of the interaction. Listen Everybody loves talking about themselves. Thus, having a conversation about ones thoughts, dreams and plans is a shortcut to establishing friendly relationships with the person. The most important thing here is to pay attention and really listen to your conversation partner. Dont be a drain for information. Do your best to be an active listener: encourage the person to continue by asking relevant questions, paraphrase their own thoughts to make sure you have the same ideas in mind and, of course, concentrate on what they say. The â€Å"what goes around comes around† rule applies here. Pay attention and the opposite party is very likely to pay it back. Stand Up for Yourself Assertiveness by no means implies being aggressive or overly contentious. It rather involves ability to express your ideas openly and honestly, respecting others. To send appropriate message you should remember several basic rules. know where you stand: you wont be able to pursue your goals, without knowing exactly what they are. Listen to yourself, work out your own views on certain issues and then express them to others. be negative effectively: its perfectly OK to be angry or frustrated. What matters, though, is being able to tackle the problems constructively. Holding negative emotions in is destructive, so dont fixate on them. If something causes your discomfort, tell people about it and dont wait too long to look for solutions. stay tolerant: expressing your own stance is surely of the highest importance. However, you shouldnt forget about one of the most valuable benefits of communication: it leads to exchange of experiences. Try to stay flexible and take others opinion into account: new insights might help you change the situation for the better. Count to 10 Managing stress and anxiety is a vital skill. Lots of wrong things were said in the wrong way for the reason of simple nervousness. Thats why you should be able to identify the point, when you start to lose control over the situation and handle it properly. Dont worry about pauses in conversations. Sometimes, they are a great opportunity to take your time and think of the next point youd like to mention. The urge to fill the silence may result in thoughtless mumbling, which does not lead to fruitful communication. Repeat the questions and ask for clarifications, when needed. This will show youre truly interested in the positive outcome of a conversation and prove youre a good listener and critical thinker. Take deep breaths. This technique wouldnt be so popular if it didnt work. When you feel youre about to lose the nerve, count to ten (yeah, that again) and concentrate on your breathing. In a moment youll see: everything is not so bad! Keep Going Thats not the last step of our program. Thats just a recommendation for the future. Think of the methods above and apply them in practice. Have a chat with a shop assistant or talk to a stranger at the bus stop. It might be a bit scary at first, but youll love the result. No one is perfect. Thats what makes us humans. Working on those imperfections makes us better versions of ourselves. Keep that in mind and dont stop!

Trading & Dealing in Security Markets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Trading & Dealing in Security Markets - Essay Example Investigations showed that the crash occurred due to a single mutual firm fund that sold a large number of contracts worth 4.1 billion USD and this triggered a reaction from HFT machines that quickly dumped their positions thus pulling the Dow index down. The HFT machines then quickly bought stock at the lower prices and this made the stocks rise then dumped the stock and this ‘hot potato’ trading continued until equilibrium was brought in. All this happened in a few minutes due to the fragile and interconnected nature of the market (SEC, 30 September 2010). There are fears that since algorithms used in the software decision making are hidden, it is difficult to asses if HFT amplifies or dampens the market equilibrium prices. HFT also encourages Flash Trading where certain traders can see incoming buy or sell orders for securities about 30 milliseconds before others do. This lead called 'front running' allows HFT traders to execute their trading strategy ahead of others (NYT, 8 October 2012). HFT traders also have the advantage that they can turn their machines off when the risks and trends are against them and thus they can cut their losses. Overall, trading is thus reduced to a war of technology and speed of connectivity and the financial software and hardware market was worth 25.4 billion USD in 2011. Terms such as scalping, shorting have become common and HFT run transactions in less than 10 milliseconds (Gsell, 2009). 2.2. Advantages of HFT HFT brings equality in the market and a small trader with a single terminal running powerful HFT software can overcome billion dollar traders. HFT is also credited with bringing liquidity in the market, reducing risk of frauds perpetrated by large... The author of the essay "Trading and Dealing in Security Markets" begins with that High Frequency Trading – HFT makes use of powerful computers that automate the trading process and where trading software takes the decisions to buy, sell or hold stock. The practice is also called as Algorithmic trading, Algo trading, automated trading or black box trading. Since the commands are executed by software systems, positions on various stocks are held for durations that vary from a few seconds to a few minutes. HFT has been blamed for ‘flash’ price variations where the prices changes very rapidly for no apparent reason. With high profits almost assured and reduction of losses to a minimum, many traders have started using HFT. In a way, HFT represents the inevitable move to high technology. Like many other areas of business processes such as procurement, automatic ordering in supply change management, ERP systems, humans are removed from decision-making and power is veste d in machines. At the end of the essay the author concludes that since HFT yields high profits, many more firms will take up this practice. HFT certainly has some ill effects on the stock movement and these needs to be constrained and regulated. The regulations must not place HFT under disadvantage and new technology must not be punished. The author also gives his recommendations. Thus, traders should not be allowed to switch off their machines when stocks are falling. This will ensure HFTs remain operational even when they stand to make a loss, just as any day trader.

Need for communication in the international sports events Essay

Need for communication in the international sports events - Essay Example The project seeks to present the ways in which communication can be used effectively in the 2012 Olympic Games. As it is one of most awaited and popular events the world would wait eagerly for, it is crucial that a solid communication foundation is created and implemented for connecting the global audience and employees associated with it together. The game is likely to employ numerous temporary staff from all over the world to give effect to the big international event. Thus it is crucial that these staffs are united together through an effective communication system. It is also important that technology is applied for the purpose for enhancing and improving the efficiency of the system. The project presents certain communication strategies which might be employed in the 2012 Olympic Games and their contribution to the overall success of the game. Need for communication in the international sports events The international sports events, such as the Olympics require extensive coordination of activities of its employees. Olympics games employ numerous temporary staff, volunteers from different nations. This requires the implementation of a concrete communication infrastructure to collaborate workings and activities. Moreover it must also be ensured that there are not hurdles or hindrances in the communication process in the system. Also the greatest challenge in such international events is that they employ a huge number of employees.... Thus it is crucial that these staffs are united together through an effective communication system. It is also important that technology is applied for the purpose for enhancing and improving the efficiency of the system. The project presents certain communication strategies which might be employed in the 2012 Olympic Games and their contribution to the overall success of the game. Need for communication in the international sports events The international sports events, such as the Olympics require extensive coordination of activities of its employees. Olympics games employ numerous temporary staff, volunteers from different nations. This requires the implementation of a concrete communication infrastructure to collaborate workings and activities. Moreover it must also be ensured that there are not hurdles or hindrances in the communication process in the system. Also the greatest challenge in such international events is that they employ a huge number of employees. Managing the num erous numbers of people is likely to be problematic and create commotion. In such a condition it is crucial for the organization to employ a systematic and hurdle free communication strategy for smooth communication between the numerous employees employed in the system. The aim of an integrated and specialized communication system is to provide opportunities for the employees for exchanging information with one another in as minimum time as possible. This would consequently eliminate chances of miscommunication in the system which would consequently reduce chances of errors and complications too. Moreover errors leading to extra costs and investments could also be eliminated completely. In this regard, the

Marketing Campaign of Nike Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Marketing Campaign of Nike - Essay Example The author has rightly presented that the substandard endeavors of International Olympic Committee (IOC) demanded to ensure that their chosen sponsors receive hefty spotlight during London Olympics games. The associated athletes were restricted for two weeks from showing their appearance for any unofficial sponsors. Unofficial sponsors were not allowed to gain benefits from Olympic themed messages. For a large number of ads, the plan of IOC worked. However, some creative companies and athletes found their way around the system. Nike was one such company that came up with a smart approach. Instead of investing millions of dollar for obtaining official sponsorship, it found a distinct way to celebrate Olympics at London. The company launched a new marketing campaign, titled as â€Å"Find Your Greatness.† This ad campaign featured everyday athletes from around the world. The concept is cleverer in terms of breaking through the advertising blackout of IOC. Only a select few will b e able to find their spot in London Olympics but it does not mean that greatness has been lost from rest of us common people. The level of greatness might not be equal to that of these athletes but most importantly, it exists. The rationale of the campaign is explained by Nike; â€Å"It is not just the championship athlete or record breaker that aspires to push their limits. It is also the everyday athlete, who strives to excel on their own terms, to set and realize personal goals and achieve their own defining moment of greatness. That’s the insight behind Nike’s ‘Find Your Greatness’ campaign, a powerful message to inspire anyone who wants to achieve their own moment of greatness in sport, launched just as the world focuses on the best of the best† (Media News Line, 2012). Evaluation of Campaign The marketing campaign of Nike will be evaluated in two ways. First, a famous marketing model of DAGMAR will be applied in order to determine the steps as mentioned in the framework and as applied by Nike. Second, the evaluation of this campaign will be conducted to determine how potent the campaign has remained in order persuade the audience, which in essence, is the core purpose of marketing campaign. Application of DAGMAR Framework The framework of DAGMAR is useful in order to build awareness of the brand among current and potential customers. The purpose of this model is to alter the buying behavior of customers. DAGMAR is a contraction for â€Å"Defining, Advertising, Goals for Measured Advertising Results.† Ideally, when this model is applied, the target audience moves easily through all the stages of this framework. These stages are based on the common decision-making and cognitive pattern of people when they decide whether to purchase something or not. This model is based on five key stages. These key stages are followed either in a single advert or in a series of advertising

Law of Protection Business Information Critique

Law of Protection Business Information Critique A critique of the extent of implementing the law of protection business information in Europe and the U.S. Introduction Stealing secretive business information and economic espionages as a result of globalization reveals an increase in the involvement of many commercial blocks to protect business ideas, through a litigation process. Regional economic blocks such as the jurisdiction of the European Union through its Commission as well as the U.S. have increased an extent of laws, from the roots of the international law provisions, so that it can protect the business firms in their jurisdictions from the vices. An important thing to note is that business information regarding the intellectual properties is critical in the center for this discussion through four key areas namely the copyright issues, trademark issues, trade secrets and patent issues. Many of the states in the case study regions have come up with various pieces of law as well as definitions of the trade secrets that they protect which is enforceable throughout the world. The process that enables application of such laws involves the provisions by international treats which might lead to contractual agreements or guide multilateral and bilateral relations between states. Global bodies whose conventions are legally binding such as the United Nations also come up with regulations which, particularly, for the case, protect the way of business information and also trade secrets through the assent by signature to that body. The process of globalization makes many nations to realize the many problems that all states share. However, the capabilities and foreign policy elements of various jurisdictions are not equal. Also, if some of the nations decide to address the problems alone, they may not be able to come up with ways of protecting their citizens or firms in an international platform without the help of the rules guiding the relations between various states. Therefore, it is important that there are not only global bodies present for international protection but also institutions such as the legal departments that come up with the legislations. They should also be able to enforce it through statutory provisions in the conventions signed by parties on a voluntary basis. Ideally, no particular enforcement agency or body is independent in enforcing the laws but only possible with the help of the treaties. Some of the departments are given the directive to undertake certain duties for the purpose of prot ection of the states and their citizens against particular threats. In this case, theft and economic espionage have been on the rise prompting many nations to come up with the laws to protect firms and businesses from this global threat. With the increase in technology, some of the thefts take place even through online systems, such as cyber attacks, which might retrieve the nature of trade secrets regarding the nature of individual strategies of business operations to a particular company and use it for unfair competitive practices. The United Nations conventions also have the specific legislature which addresses this issue and which guides the formulation of constitutional laws by individual countries, to protect the trade secrets at an international level. The paper focuses on the nature and security of the business information, and trade secrets concerning the United States and Europe regarding nature and extent of which the particular countries involve their legal obligations in protecting companies from economic espionage and theft in a global market. Also, the paper will establish whether the recent increase in the litigation process to protect companies from the vices is as a result of the increasing number of the violation of the trade secrets law. The supportive arguments for this study will arise through the survey on the pieces of legislation by the case study countries. The focus is on how they utilize international law and the development of local legislations to guide the nature of business practice, protection of information and enhance fair competition amongst companies that face the threat of stealing trade secrets for their befit. Also, through concentration on the elements of intellectual property, the study will also involve the laws as well as the legal consequences of the violations of the provisions in each of the individual jurisdiction to establish the extent and seriousness of this problem. The purpose is to prove that the blocks are addressing the protection of trade secrets not only to their jurisdiction but also on the internationalization of business. The structure of this paper will involve the discourse on the definitions of the firm secrets by various laws and critical analysis, and assessment of the historical evolution of this principle at the international level. Also, it will conceptualize the law of trade secrets and a discussion of the legal complexities that surround its implementation. Further, the paper will look into the extent of application of the trade secrets principle while discussing the philosophies of intellectual property law in the individual jurisdictions. Lastly, the discussion will give examples of pro-plaintiff and pro-defendant cases as a trend arising from the implementation of trade secrets principle in the United States and Europe jurisdictions. Definitions of trade secrets under international laws and their historical evolutions Firstly, the treaties between states and the international laws are binding on member states due to the ratification and implementation of the Vienna Convention on the law of treaties of 1969[1].The law guides the nature of international relations and in particular contributes largely to the sources of international law in which, its violation has consequences and can be in prosecution in the international court of justice. The treaties also observe the principles of the litigation at a global level such the equal rights and self-determination by the United Nations, which ensures that the sovereignty of all states is equal despite the economic or development differences. On this realization, most of the definitions of trade secrets in the international level arise from such treaties that are binding on all members states in equal measure, especially the rules guiding the nature of conducting trade between countries. In particular, the membership of countries to the WTO is the foundation on the conventions. As an international body, therefore, special rules have to guide the relations of conducting trade between states and also fair practices that will enhance the peaceful relationship within countries. The ratification of the laws by the world trade organizations is as a result of the deliberations of member states regarding emerging problems such theft of trade secrets and economic espionage. Also, it involves coming up with a treaty containing pieces of law with the aid of legal experts that members debate on and agree to it for the purpose of its implementation. The first explanation of the principle by the WTO refers to the perspective through Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) which views the principle to be commercial and private data that are uniquely applicable to the particular company[2].The law is in consideration as the first one to protect trade secrets at the international level through protecting undisclosed business information regarding copyrights, trademarks of firms, the patents issues and the trade secrets that may result in unfair competitions of businesses. Another important agreement that will also help define the trade secrets and constitute to its historical evolution in the international scene is the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property by the World Intellectual Property Organizations[3]. Defining trade secrets is similar among many countries which agree that the protection of this principle should have a practical value. In this case, it should involve the stakeholders of the organization and not an individual. They should not be made known to the public. Section seven of TRIPS in one of the articles by WTO outlines not only the law of protecting undisclosed information by business but also its definition. One of the definitions under this treaty by states that are members of WTO addresses the secrecy of the information. The provisions describe the protected information must be secret though the vice is not obsolete. In particular, an owner of a business can reveal the secrets to the firm partners and employee, but the information should not be readily available to the public. Also, those with the secrets should keep them that way on avoiding giving the knowledge to the public. The second aspect is the commercial value of the trade secrets. According to the agreement of TRIPS, private business information is a set of ideas about a business that has a massive market segment, and the protection of the information is to prevent the commercial information from other competing companies that may try to derive the utility out of the trade secrets. Lastly, the definition could be as a result of maintaining secrets using efforts that are reasonable. In this case, the law defines trade secrets as those who fulfill the energy requirement by company owners in protecting their information. The protection of the secret is due to reasons beyond such efforts by an individual that have to be reasonable. Some of the reasonable efforts according to the law, therefore, refer to common law in various countries requiring contractual agreements between the company and employees on the secrecy as well as the confidentiality notices so that the law could be able to protect the information. In an international scene, this consists of the efforts by the companies especially the multinational ones as well as the states of being reasonable and resulting to security provision of the business ideas. In the above definitions by the treaty, it does not offer the civil defense, especially to the technical information protection since it tends to only focus on the commercial perspective of the information. Also, the law does not protect the use information that might be confidential to a company that gets out to the public through fair means in the regular course of competitions primarily technical information such industrial designs. According to the TRIPS, the members of WTO, besides the obligation of the institution to protect commercial and confidential information, individual countries should place national systems to safeguard the businesses under their jurisdictions. However the failure of the treaty to set the standards or extent of the protection, the protection rights have the substantial variation which may even hinder internationalization of business. Some of the examples of such hindrances are the breaches of contract and acquisitions by third parties as a result of mis appropriation that differ across economic blocks around the world[4]. Articles 1 and 10bis of the Paris conventions regarding the industrial property protection is also about the TRIPS agreements as part of the scope of protecting trade secrets. In the article of the Paris conventions, for example, it outlines the requirement of a union in the member states for offering safety to the ownerships of valuable data to be in application. According to the section, the trade secrets include the object patents, industrial designs, trade names, and trademarks, as well as the models of the utility whose sharing with other people apart from the original innovators, may result in unfair practices in the competitive environment. On the other hand, Article 10bis of the same convention also indicates forms of unfair practices and the protection of the trade secrets from this threat. In particular, this law requires that the individual countries of the union should protect their citizens from the threat by legislating against unfair practices, confusion, false allegat ions or indications of misleading the public. The process concerns the nature of activities of the industrial use of products across all economic sectors[5]. Therefore the article addresses the protection of information from the view that trade secrets involve only the intellectual property. The convention also compliments the arguments by the TRIPS regarding the fact that apart from the provisions of the agreements, there is a need for the individual states also to establish national laws. The legislations enhance the protection of property for the business especially the ones protecting the theft of information that could lead to unfair completion if in the hand of competitors. Lastly, in addition to the protection of commercial and confidential information, this convention also gives consideration to technical information which is more critical and the one that builds brands of companies such as the Walmart retail businesses and Apple technologies among other big companies with a unique innovation and presence in the world. Conceptualization of trade secrets law Different states have different opinions regarding the premises of the legislation on providing protection to business concepts at risk. For example, to Europe, an English law on trade secrets is on the assumption breach of confidence regarding the trade secrecy. In the U.S., the premise of the protection law company secrecy is through protection of the business information. Some scholars do argue that no unified theory explains the trade secrets law but however recognizes that it is a collection of norms as well as approaches that offer protection to business information. Therefore, the normative and conceptual ideas indicate that the definition of property extends beyond the actual ownerships to include products as a result of innovation and forms of labor. Also, the rise in the global concern over the issue reveals that the need for protection of this kind of information is critical in enhancing the relations between states. Though other people may view trade secrets as not being property, the future developments of law that protect their rights facilitate the concept that the characteristics of the business information meet the ownership status. The concept goes even further through law provisions in some of the jurisdictions to indicate the fact that the supply of such rights constitutes a duty. For example in the US, the protection of this nature of business property through rights implies that the information has the potential of compensation under the federal constitution. On the other hand, European nations do not consider information as property but instead provide procedures and solutions to facilitate the claims of intellectual properties. Examples of such laws in the European states include the economics and trade secrets law. Therefore, there is the existence of the concept of trade secrecy among many nations. The was increasing efforts through conventions, as well as national legislation in individual states, shows the global concern of the consistent trait of the abuse of property rights under the law of various jurisdictions. The underlying reason, such as the increasing economic espionage cases and the efforts by the governments concern to respond to adverse effects of theft of business information that is confidential, shows that the concept exists. Besides, the consistent nature towards the traits through the consequences of globalization identifies the duty of the international bodies to come up with legally binding agreements. They protect companies from the character of this threat clearly shows the emergence of the concepts as well as the trend of the risk that changes with both levels of technology and internationalization of businesses which also require continued efforts of revising the law t o protect the ideation of the businesses from theft. Underlying philosophies of law on intangibles The discussions around trade secrets in most cases tend to involve the concept of copyright protection. Therefore, it is essential to understand the nature of the concept as well as the underlying principle to enhance the later discussion concerning the extent to which both the United States of America and Europe apply the law of trade secrets in their respective jurisdictions. Also, the basis of the case laws that show the pro-plaintiff and the pro-defendant is this concept especially after the implementation of particular laws in the region as a global trend today. Intellectual property refers to the inventions, creative works, and use of symbols, names or images that identify with a particular company for commercial purposes. On this basis, the intellectual property could be divided into industry ownership and copyright issues. Some of the problems associated with industrial properties include trademarks designs and geographical indications. On the other hand, copyright involves writings and artistic works, and architectural drawings. In some cases, performing artists such as singers have specific rights which relate to copyrighting. The same applies to recordings by both radio broadcasts and television programs among other examples that copyright their material to prevent other people from using the information without their permission which in most cases involve attaching a commercial value for the usage of the products. The intellectual property rights include the allowance of individuals as well as companies with unique information to benefit from their work or ideas regarding the commercial use of their products. Some universal treaties, such as the universal declaration of human rights in Article 27 outline some of these rights[6]. Also, apart from the Paris Convention for the protection of industrial property in the earlier discourse, the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works of 1886 by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) also provides some of the rights[7]. Such incidences of protection of the kind of properties indicate that there are significant reasons why the world organizations should legislate to protect trade secrets. One of the reasons is that legal protection, especially to new creations in culture and technology, encourages many companies to come up with supportive measures such as additional resources for new products that will improve hum anity. Also, through this protection, the countries could experience faster economic growth, higher quality of life as well as opening up of the employment opportunities. Therefore, the protection creates a level of the interest of people with the idea and also the citizen concerns that many states serve. The occurrence of common problems through the globe also require the efforts of agreements such as through the convention to help protect the common international interests of member states since the occurrence of some of the problems such theft of information has no boundaries. Patents offer exclusive rights to inventions or technical solutions towards particular problems in most cases up to twenty years. They are necessary to provide incentives to the investors as recognition of their creativity and innovation. Patents offer protection that prevents the information from commercial production, distribution or use without consent from the owner. In this scenario, the courts enforce the protection of these rights. A patent holder could, therefore, have the exclusive right to give the information to anyone of their choice with particular confidential requirements of not sharing. Once the period expires, then the information can be free for use by the public. A trademark refers to a unique sign that is in the identification of a particular type of product.ÂÂ   The clients using the product have a relation with that particular sign. Other companies may try to copy the trademark as the way to create confusion within the customers and therefore, have an opportunity to make some of the clients to buy their products that result in unfair competition practices. Trademark protection, therefore, ensures that the owners have the rights of using the mark exclusively as a brand of their products. The courts determination also enforces the legal complexities surrounding the issues. They promote the recognition and financial gains by individuals or enterprises. They can consist of drawings, symbols, or numerical having distinguishing features. The registration of the trademarks is widespread in many countries, but however, in most cases, the impact of the brands might be restricted to the individual countries. A geographical indication is a particular location in which the product originates due to its reputation due to the place. For example, Arabian coffee or electrical appliances manufactured by the United Kingdom among others indicate that the location of that production is significant for the usage of the product. Some people might locally produce or make the products that constitute limitations for financial gain and unfair competition practices aimed at only making the profit using another companys geographical indicator. Some of the valuable reputations are vulnerable to misuse and are interpretation hence the need to protect them. In most cases, the protection is through national laws under other provisions of the law on rights. Also, WIPO through international agreements such as the Lisbon agreement and other meetings that allow member states to enhance international protection. The last one involves the copyrights where the owner of such rights can be able to prohibit or permit the use of their information that is of their originality. The examples of these applications may include a reproduction of content, public performance, broadcasting, language translation or adoption to other forms with the consent of the owner. The law applies to right from the production, distribution and to the end user of the products. The economic rights regarding the copyrights also allow companies to purchase some of the rights or give compensation for the use of the content by an individual or business such as through partnerships. In most cases, the nature of this relationship is through the directive of contractual agreements for enforcement by law[8]. The protection of the copyright rights enhances creativity and innovation. However, with the increasing technological advancement, some of the materials may be readily available through online platforms. Organizations such as the WIPO through the WIPO Copyright Treaty (WCI) also provide the rights[9]. Also, the WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty (WPPT) provide the rights of using creative workers over the internet to as to protect the copyright of the owner regarding usability and economic compensations[10]. Critique of the extent of business information law in Europe Recently, protecting business ideas in Europe has made progress of legislative developments as a result of the involvement of the European Commission and ratification by the European Parliament. One of the major, legal arsenals of the industrial players in Europe is the use of patent law to protect their technology. Reports reveal concerns that the laws are not sufficient to address the problem of industrial espionage in the technological fields. In particular, the issue discusses the threat of leaking such information through former workers in companies, contractors or the other third parties. The legal complexities that both the industrial players and the European Union involve in are due to two primary reasons. The first reason is that recognition of the need to protect the trade secrets will help increase the levels of innovation in Europe and allow it to compete in an efficient manner with other jurisdictions having more protection such as the United States. The second reason is to provide a response to the increasing cases of stealing of technology within European businesses. One of the litigation to enhance the national laws is to strengthen the proposed directive which aims at breaching the gap through harmonization of existing laws. There is need to review the company laws will also help in increasing the research and development activities by balancing the leveling of the trade secret protection throughout the Europe countries to reach the same levels[11]. The formulation process is careful to ensure fair competition between various companies and the issue regarding the freedom of workers and their mobility in implementing it. Also, the legislation has to put into consideration the avoidance of restricting the independent contractors. The reasons include the fact that the scope of protection that goes beyond patent rights only and that trade secret do not only involve technological products but information with commercial value too. The need for the new legislation is the increase in the theft through digital platforms involving activities such as cyber-attacks that might potentially disclose the confidential information to the particular regarding a particular company. As a result, a report by European Commission study on secrecy off information of companies shows the use of the protection of the company secrets across all the European countries. Lastly, the definition of trade secrets as the know-how through the European Commission Technology Transfer Block Exemption Regulation (TTBER) also requires review to widen the definition scope[12]. According to Article 1.1(i) of TTBER, trade secrets are not known or accessible, have strong use in production and contractual activities and not easily identified. Therefore, through the implementation of the litigation content, the nature of business practice will involve fairness, and positive development through better protection of the trade secrets. Critique of the extent of trade secrets in the US The United States is one of the most advanced countries regarding the protection of trade secrets through the international law application, the federal law and lastly the state law. In the US, the trade secret refers to confidential information that is also commercial which gives a substantial competitive advantage[13]. Some of the trade secrets include customer lists, marketing strategies, and pricing information. One of such secrets is the Coca-Cola formula for its products. Today, the trade secrets are increasingly becoming among the most significant valuable assets that are not tangible. The theft of these trade secrets leads to massive losses especially by the American firms to leaks by employees, foreign governments and lastly through corporate competitions. Most of the theft occurs through cyber-attacks, advanced technology, and communication devices which increase anonymity of the individuals or organizations behind the vice. In the United States, protecting information on companies lies in the jurisdiction regarding the law of states. However, the other elements such as patent information, trademarks and copyrights are a responsibility of the federal law. According to the state law, the owners of a trade secret could file lawsuits against the known individuals that misappropriate such information. In the federal law, statutes such as the Economic Espionage Act (EEA) 1996 many also protect through prosecution, in particular, a situation where the confidential information many benefit another foreign state, instruments or agent[14]. In a case where the information is for use in interstates, the law also applies in ensuring that the owner of that kind of information gets protected from the usage of that information without their consent. According to this law, the attorney general has a legal duty to bring to a civil action or obtain an injunction that is against any violation. However, it is difficult for the federal government to adequately protect the trade secrets whose owners are the US citizens. The reason is that the US department of justice, as well as the federal bureau of investigation, has less power regarding the enforcement of the law on violations of trade secrets. In particular, their investigative and prosecution duty is not in facilitation with the provisions of the law. However, through urging the Congress to adopt a more elaborate law including the federal trade secret law that is uniform across the states, it will allow dealing more effectively the problem of stealing trade secrets. The process could help most of the companies in the US to seek injunctions relief as well as the monetary benefit especially in cases in violating theft of the business information as well as assets. One of the legislations in the 114th Congress that will give the power of private action to the federal government includes the Defend Trade Secrets Act (DTSA) (H.R. 3326 and S. 1890)[15].ÂÂ   The process is through a substitute amendment to the statute through the house senate judiciary committee in early 2016. The Uniform Trade Secrets Act (UTSA) of 1979 is the first effort by law through the National Conference of Commissioners on uniform state law before the effort by the federal government of the espionage act[16]. Regarding the state laws, the law of the common torts applies for cases involving misappropriation. The UTSA helps through consolidating the universal laws that Forty-seven states have adopted. The Senate Judiciary Committee continues to increase in the application of procedural and substantive standards towards protection of trade secrets. Enforceable laws under the federal government that will protect secrecy of the ideas of business the Trade Secrets Act and the Economic Espionage Act[17]. The first one involves a warning to government officials not to disclose information that is confidential as well as trade secrets enacted in 1948. The consequences could lead to removal from office. On the other hand, the Economic Espionage Act of 1996 is to address increasing threats to the US businesses hence the scheme to protect trade secrets. The act involves two offenses which include stealing business data to make gains to another states organization or individual and also the trade secret theft for a financial benefit of another party. Lastly, through the international law, the United States offers a more elaborate legal protection of the trade secrets. The US complies with the provisions of TRIPS as well as the provisions of the WTO[18]. Also, through provisions of other bilateral or multilateral Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) are significant in the protection of the intellectual property through the delivery of TRIPS agreement[19]. Pro-Plaintiff or Pro-Defendant Trends Arising From the Implementati

Karl Marx :: essays research papers

The late 1800's was a time period where new ideas, theories, and philosophies ran through the minds of many young people. Amongst them was a man be the name of Karl Marx who stood out in the crowd. Known as a man of great integrity and intelligence, Marx was thought to be one of the greatest thinkers of all time. "Philosophy and Myth in Karl Marx: 2nd Edition" by Robert C. Tucker is a book about Marx and his philosophies. Robert C. Tucker in this book ventures out to critique and give an interpretation of Marx's philosophical thoughts. Marx's was the man who was responsible for the well known and highly acclaimed philosophy of Marxism also known as Communism. Karl Marx was born in the German Rhineland to a well-cultured family, one that was not revolutionary. As a young man he received a classical education. Marx entered the University of Berlin where he read law, majoring in history as well as philosophy. His years at the university was the time period that was a turning point in Marx's life. From his early school days, philosophy had been a subject that sparked interest in Karl Marx. He was greatly concerned with humans' freedom and reviving the ancient concept of communism. The University of Berlin was where Marx had first become acquainted with the philosophy of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel. Hegel's ideas known, as Hegelianism was the concept where the main focus was a self- alienated man. Man should worship himself as a Superior Being. What attracted Marx to Hegel was his "surmounting of the characteristic difficulty of idealism." However, when Marx was later introduced to the philosophies of Feuerbach, his thou ghts completely changed. According to Feuerbach,"man has so far in history lived primarily a life of religion, and that the essences of religion is man's estrangement from himself," At the same time of Marx becoming acquainted with these thoughts, he was jumping from one place to another causing his family to live in wretched poverty. Later on, using both the concepts of Hegelianism and of Feuerbach, Marx arrived at the formulation of his own philosophical anthropology. He first states that the primary determinant of history is economics where the history of society is viewed as the history of class struggle between the bourgeoisie and the proletariats. The bourgeoisie are successful by extracting money from the proletariats for profit.

Wilma Rudolph biography

Wilma Rudolph is most well-known for her extreme success in track and field. What is most ground-breaking about Wilma and her success is the fact that she was a woman succeeding in what was considered at that time a â€Å"man's sport. † She broke many records, but most importantly was the first American woman to win three gold medals during the same summer Olympics. Wilma had faced many troubles throughout her life, from illness and disabilities to insecurities and friendship issues.However, the most difficult time in her life was not the obstacles she overcame to each her success but the point in her life after all of that- the point when she went back to reality. Throughout this paper I will discuss how the bio-social-psycho- spiritual-cultural framework had affected Wilma throughout her lifetime, ultimately influencing the person she turned out to be. Although I will touch upon her childhood and teenage years, the point of my paper is to identify Just exactly how those peri ods of time in her life affected her throughout her mid-adulthood phase until her death in 1994.BIOLOGICAL The first part of the framework suggests we look at Wilma's biological past to help nderstand the person she became. When Wilma was born, she was the 20th out of 22 children in the Rudolph family. She had a very difficult childhood, bouncing back and forth from illness to illness. Throughout her childhood, she was diagnosed with double pneumonia, scarlet fever, and polio. When Wilma was six years old, she was diagnosed with infantile paralysis caused by the polio virus. At that time, doctors had told her that she would never walk again without the aid of braces.However, Wilma was determined to prove everyone wrong and walk on her own. By the age of twelve, Wilma could freely move and walk around without the aid of her leg brace. After that point in her lifetime, nothing major (from a biological standpoint) occurred until she was a senior in high school and got pregnant by her l ong-time boyfriend, Robert Eldridge. At this point in her life, she was training with a college track coach during the summer and could not handle the responsibilities of a child Just yet.Luckily, her older sister Yvonne (who was already married with a child of her own) offered to look after the baby until Wilma was ready for motherhood. This allowed Wilma to continue iving her normal life without have to make and sacrifices. SOCIAL Wilma experienced a very financially poor childhood. She was among 21 other siblings and her parents only lived Offa teacher's salary. During the time of her leg brace, Wilma was homeschooled because of her disability. It was not until the first grade that her parents considered admitting her to a real school.After overcoming her disability, she decided that when she reached high school she wanted to follow in her sisters footsteps and Join the school basketball team. During freshmen year she excelled in basketball and track, and it was at that point tha t she first received nterest from Tennessee State's track coaches. Because of her raw talent, Tennessee coac , Edward Temple snowed a lot ot interest in Wilma, enough tor ner to try out tor the 1956 Olympics. After becoming a qualifier for the Olympics, she became close friends with Mae Faggs, an older runner on her Olympic team.Mae was a great influence on Wilma and really helped her mentally and physically prepare for the Olympics. Despite all of Coach Temple's and Mae's help, Wilma did not place at the 1956 Olympics. After the Olympics were over and she returned home, she decided to pick up her son and have him live with her again. She realized that spending time with her family was Just as important as anything else in her life at that time. At this point she was Juggling a boyfriend, a child, college school work, track, and her grief over disappointment from the past Olympics.PSYCHOLOGICAL Because of Wilma's natural talent and success in high school, her first loss at a big mee t was devastating. She had travelled to Philadelphia for a National AAU Track Meet, and became overconfident. She was shocked when she did not win and returned home with â€Å"shame of losing. † She felt embarrassed of losing and felt as if she had let herself down. It was at that point she realized that the success she could obtain through track and field was in her hands, which only motivated her to train harder. Once qualifying for the Olympic team, she also experienced some psychological challenges.She was such a good runner at such a young age that she would hold back at Olympic practices in order to keep the other girls on the team from becoming Jealous of her. She felt very torn, whether or not to excel at practice and work hard or hold on to friendships. She finally got over her fear of losing friends over hard work and decided to run for herself. One of her biggest psychological upsets, however, was after the 1956 Olympics when she did not qualify for the finals in t he 200 meter dash. She could not eat or sleep for days and felt as though she let down the entire United States.She was determined that the next day she would run harder and make up for that. Fortunately, by the end of the Olympics, her 400 meter relay team had surprisingly placed third and came back home with a bronze medal. SPIRITUAL & CULTURAL Wilma was born in Clarkesville, Tennessee in 1940. During this time, she experienced the wrath of segregation. The school she attended was Just for blacks nd did not compare to the nicer school for white children. Growing up, religion was important to Wilma and her family but did not play a huge role her development throughout life and her accomplishments.Her family was very religious and were practicing Baptists. HOW THIS FRAMEWORK AFFECTED HER LIFE As a child and teenager, Wilma lived anything but an ordinary life. At the age of 6 she was told she would never walk again without a brace. By the age of 12 she defied those odds and successfu lly walked on her own. By the time she reached high school she was on the school basketball team and track team. By the age of 16 she was ompeting in her first Olympics games. And by her senior year she had a child of her n All ot these components helped to develop Wilma into the person she grew up to be.Her biggest obstacles occurred after her fame and fortune, when she got home and back to real life. When she arrived home from the 1960 Olympics, she was welcomed by the whole town of Clarkesville, Tennessee. It was the first time in Clarkesville history that white and black townspeople came together to celebrate. After returning home and spending time with her family, she immediately began to travel the world meeting new people and starring in more races. She became the first woman invited into meets previously only participated by males.However, at this time it was very unlikely for a woman, let alone a black woman athlete, to have a manager. Therefore, Wilma did not make any mone y off of any of the appearances she made or races she competed in. When she finally returned home from travelling, she was hit with the harsh reality of the real world- she was broke. Wilma decided the best thing for her to do was to go back to college to get her degree in elementary education. After she graduated college, she married her longtime boyfriend Robert Eldridge. She got a teaching Job at the elementary school she attended as a child and coached track and field at Burts High School.Still, this did not help her financial situation. A few months later, she decided to leave her Job as a teacher and within a few years became pregnant with two more children. After that, she bounced back and forth from Job to Job; unsatisfied with every one she tried. She could not find that same satisfaction that she felt from track and field- nonetheless find a Job that would help ease her money troubles. In 1967, Vice President Hubert Humphrey asked Wilma to Join â€Å"Operation Champ,† government sponsored program that trained young inner-city athletes.Wilma once again traveled to many cities but still did not find that satisfaction she was searching for. Once she got back, she continued to bounce from Job to Job again until she finally decided to start her own business. Her business was named â€Å"Wilma Unlimited† and allowed her to travel, lecture, and support special causes. Through this company, she inspired many young African American athletes. In 1977 she wrote her own book and filmed a movie about her life. In 1981 she started the Wilma Rudolph Foundation, a foundation dedicated to nurturing talented young athletes.She worked hard to promote women's sports in America and lobbied to pass Title ‘X. Among many other awards throughout her lifetime, she was honored with the National Sports award from President Bill Clinton in 1993. Unfortunately, Wilma died at the young age of 54 from cancer on November 12, 1994. Wilma's adult life would have bu ilt to nothing if it not had been for all of the experiences she lived through in her childhood. She learned strength, endurance, and patience not only on the track but in her life as well. She did not experience the most difficult times in life until after she had accomplished many goals for herself.It took true commitment for her to succeed in life after she returned home from the Olympics. Everything she did and experienced throughout her lifetime greatly affected the person she turned out to be. She grew into an amazing and influential woman who is not only known for her three gold medals in the same summer Olympics, but she is known for the legacy she has left behind in women's sports and the rest ot the world. KOHLBERG'S THEORY OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT According to our textbook, â€Å"Lawrence Kohlberg has proposed a series of three levels, and six stages, through which people progress as they develop their moral ramework† (Zastrow, 2007).The first level, called the Preconv entional Level, is primarily concerned with self-interest. The first stage of this level deals with how a person can avoid punishment. It is in this level that a person (however, most of the time this level is applied to children) will act on the basis of knowing what actions will constitute some sort of punishment. Stage two is more self-interest driven. A person will think in terms of reward for themselves, by asking the question â€Å"what's in it for me†. In this level a person will act in their best interest. These stages, related toWilma Rudolph's life do not hold a high level of significance. There are not too many points in her life that were highlighted in her biography that were linked to these two stages. I can imagine, however, that growing up in a household with 21 other children would take away from both of these stages. I doubt that Wilma was punished by her parents very often since they had to focus on so many other children as well. On the other hand, she pro bably had many of her older siblings to look after her, who I'm sure gave her a hard time when she did something wrong.The second level, the Conventional Level, usually is applied to people from the ges of 10 to 13 (Zastrow, 2007). Incorporated in this level are yet two more stages. Stage three is based on the approval of others and fulfilling social roles. During this stage, a person tries to live up to the expectations set for the â€Å"good boy' or â€Å"good girl† that they are trying to be. A high level of acceptance among others is what a person is ultimately striving for in this stage. I believe this stage directly reflects the point in Wilma's life when she made the Olympic team for the first time.During that time in her life, she was much younger than many of the other women on the team and ould hold back in practice as to not embarrass them or appear as if she were superior to them. She wanted to â€Å"fit in† and be accepted by her teammates. Stage four dea ls more with obeying rules and listening to authority. In this stage, the individual focuses on what is right and wrong based on the laws. I believe this stage relates to the time in Wilma's life when she was going off to college and one of her coach's rules was no children, since they would become too much of a distraction.Following his orders, Wilma decided to send her child with her older sister who could better fulfill the child's needs and also allowing Wilma to obey her oach. The final level of Kohlbergs stages of development is called the Post conventional level. The first stage of this level, stage five, is concerned with the welfare of the community. Although the previous level focused on the importance of laws, this stage says that laws are also open for interpretation and that the welfare and state of the community is Just as important as following laws.I believe this describes the point in Wilma's life after she had won at the Olympics and returned home to Clarkesville f or the first time. Upon her arrival, she was greeted by both white and black supporters from her community. During that time period, segregation was highly enforced and it was rare to see white and black folks together. However, they came together in support o t Wilma and d hey saw was best tor the community- snowing their support together as a whole instead of individual races.The final stage, stage six, revolves around the idea of acting on internal ethical principles. At this stage in someone's life, the person is less concerned with the opinion of others and more concerned with what is right for them. I do not think Wilma ever reached this stage in her life. While I believe that she did overcome many bstacles, such as being a black, female athlete during the time of men's sports and segregation, I do not think she achieved this highest stage in her development.In conclusion, I believe that everything Wilma Rudolph endured throughout her lifetime had a big impact on the woman she grew up to be. All of the fame and recognition she received through her teenage years had a big hand in the development through adulthood. It was not until she grew up and came back to Clarkesville after her big success as a track star that Wilma really had to look back and put to use all of the dedication and life lessons she learned as a child.If Wilma were here today I think she would want people to remember her not for winning gold medals at the Olympics, but rather for all of the things she accomplished and all of the people she influenced as an adult. I believe she holds most valuable in her heart her ability to influence others to overcome adversity and to live out their dreams.